Personality Types

Personality Types Explained:

According to Carl G. Jung's theory of psychological types [Jung, 1971], people can be characterized by their preference of general attitude:

• Extraverted (E) vs. Introverted (I),

their preference of one of the two functions of perception:

• Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N),

and their preference of one of the two functions of judging:

• Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)

The three areas of preferences introduced by Jung are dichotomies (i.e. bipolar dimensions where each pole represents a different preference). Jung also proposed that in a person one of the four functions above is dominant – either a function of perception or a function of judging. Isabel Briggs Myers, a researcher and practitioner of Jung’s theory, proposed to see the judging-perceiving relationship as a fourth dichotomy influencing personality type [Briggs Myers, 1980]:

• Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P)

All possible permutations of preferences in the 4 dichotomies above yield 16 different combinations, or personality types, representing which of the two poles in each of the four dichotomies dominates in a person, thus defining 16 different personality types. Each personality type can be assigned a 4 letter acronym of corresponding combination of preferences:

The 16 personality types
ESTJ	ISTJ	ENTJ	INTJ
ESTP	ISTP	ENTP	INTP
ESFJ	ISFJ	ENFJ	INFJ
ESFP	ISFP	ENFP	INFP

The first letter in the personality type acronym corresponds to the first letter of the preference of general attitude - “E” for extraversion and “I” for introversion.

The second letter in the personality type acronym corresponds to the preference within the sensing-intuition dimension: “S” stands for sensing and “N” stands for intuition.

The third letter in the personality type acronym corresponds to preference within the thinking-feeling pair: “T” stands for thinking and “F” stands for feeling.

The forth letter in the personality type acronym corresponds a person’s preference within the judging-perceiving pair: “J” for judging and “P” for perception.

For example:

• ISTJ stands for Introverted, Sensing, Thinking, Judging
• ENFP stands for Extraverted, iNtuitive, Feeling, Perceiving

What do percentages next to the personality type words or letters mean?

Humanmetrics Jung Typology Test™ (JTT™) and Jung Typology Profiler for Workplace™ (JTPW™) instrument determine the expressiveness of each of the four personality type dimensions (Extraversion vs. Introversion, Sensing vs. Intuition, Thinking vs. Feeling, and Judging vs. Perceiving.

In JTT™ and JTPW™, the scales of these four dimensions represent a continuum between two opposite poles, from 100 at one pole to 100 at another pole. I.e. Extravert-Introvert dimension is a continuum from 100 on Extraversion (i.e.  respondent is a 100% extravert) to 100 on Introversion (i.e.  respondent is a 100% introvert). In other words the scale is 200 units long:

Extravert [100% - - - 0% - - - 100%] Introvert

People may reveal features of both poles but typically have a preference of one way over the other. The letter indicates the preference and the percentage indicates the extent of it.

The E-I score of 0% means the respondent is at the borderline between being an extravert and an introvert. Having Extraversion score of greater than 0 - e.g. 20% - means being 20% more slanted toward Extraversion over Introversion. Having Introversion score of greater than 0 - e.g. 20% - means being 20% more slanted toward Introversion over Extraversion.

The same pertains to the S-N, T-F, and J-P dichotomies.

The Basics of Jung's Typology

Jung called Extraversion-Introversion preference general attitude, since it reflects an individual’s attitude toward the external world distinguished by the “direction of general interest” [Jung, 1971]: the extravert maintains affinity for, and sources energy from the outer world, whereas the introvert is the other way around – their general interest is directed toward their inner world, which is the source of their energy.

As mentioned above, Jung introduced a pair of judging functions -thinking and feeling - and a pair of perception functions – sensing (or “sensation”), and intuition.

Sensing-Intuition preference represents the method by which one perceives information: Sensing means an individual mainly relies on concrete, actual information - “in so far as objects release sensations, they matter” [1], whereas Intuition means a person relies upon their conception about things based on their understanding of the world. Thinking-Feeling preference indicates the way an individual processes information. Thinking preference means an individual makes decisions based on logical reasoning, and is less affected by feelings and emotions. Feeling preference means that an individual's base for decisions is mainly feelings and emotions.

Jung introduced the idea of hierarchy and direction of psychological functions. According to Jung, one of the psychological functions - a function from either judging or perception pair – would be primary (also called dominant). In other words, one pole of the poles of the two dichotomies (Sensing-Feeling and Thinking-Feeling) dominates over the rest of the poles. The Extraversion-Introversion preference sets the direction of the dominant function: the direction points to the source of energy that feeds it – i.e. to the outer world for extraverts and to the inner world for introverts.

Jung suggested that a function from the other pair would be secondary (also called auxiliary) but still be “a determining factor” [Jung, 1971]. I.e. if Intuition is dominant, then the auxiliary one is either Thinking or Feeling. If Sensing is dominant, then the auxiliary one can also be either Thinking or Feeling. However, if Thinking is dominant, then the auxiliary one is either Sensing or Intuition, and if Feeling is dominant then the auxiliary one is either Sensing or Intuition. In other words, the auxiliary function never belongs to the same dichotomy.

Jung called feeling and thinking types “rational” because they are characterized by the dominance of judging functions that provide reasoning rationale (be it thinking or feeling). “Rational” or Judging preference results in thinking, feelings, response and behaviour that consciously operate in line with certain rules, principles or norms. People with dominant "rational" or judging preference perceive the world as an ordered structure that follows a set of rules.

He called sensing and intuitive types “irrational” because they are characterized by dominance of the functions of perception (either sensing or intuition), and therefore their “commissions and omissions are based not upon reasoned judgment but upon the absolute intensity of perception” [Jung, 1971]. “Irrational” or Perceiving preference operates with opportunities, i.e. with a range of possible outcomes that result from assumed premises or from sensations, mostly driven by the unconscious processes. People with dominant "irrational" or Perceiving preference thinking see the world as a structure that can take various forms and outcomes. It is possible to determine, either by observation or by asking certain questions, preference of Judging vs. Perceiving and the strength thereof in a person.

ISTJ - The Duty Fulfiller

Serious and quiet, interested in security and peaceful living. Extremely thorough, responsible, and dependable. Well-developed powers of concentration. Usually interested in supporting and promoting traditions and establishments. Well-organized and hard working, they work steadily towards identified goals. They can usually accomplish any task once they have set their mind to it.

Click here for a detailed description of ISTJ.

ISTP - The Mechanic

Quiet and reserved, interested in how and why things work. Excellent skills with mechanical things. Risk-takers who they live for the moment. Usually interested in and talented at extreme sports. Uncomplicated in their desires. Loyal to their peers and to their internal value systems, but not overly concerned with respecting laws and rules if they get in the way of getting something done. Detached and analytical, they excel at finding solutions to practical problems.

Click here for a detailed description of ISTP.

ISFJ - The Nurturer

Quiet, kind, and conscientious. Can be depended on to follow through. Usually puts the needs of others above their own needs. Stable and practical, they value security and traditions. Well-developed sense of space and function. Rich inner world of observations about people. Extremely perceptive of other's feelings. Interested in serving others.

ISFP - The Artist

Quiet, serious, sensitive and kind. Do not like conflict, and not likely to do things which may generate conflict. Loyal and faithful. Extremely well-developed senses, and aesthetic appreciation for beauty. Not interested in leading or controlling others. Flexible and open-minded. Likely to be original and creative. Enjoy the present moment.

INFJ - The Protector

Quietly forceful, original, and sensitive. Tend to stick to things until they are done. Extremely intuitive about people, and concerned for their feelings. Well-developed value systems which they strictly adhere to. Well-respected for their perserverence in doing the right thing. Likely to be individualistic, rather than leading or following.

INFP - The Idealist

Quiet, reflective, and idealistic. Interested in serving humanity. Well-developed value system, which they strive to live in accordance with. Extremely loyal. Adaptable and laid-back unless a strongly-held value is threatened. Usually talented writers. Mentally quick, and able to see possibilities. Interested in understanding and helping people.

INTJ - The Scientist

Independent, original, analytical, and determined. Have an exceptional ability to turn theories into solid plans of action. Highly value knowledge, competence, and structure. Driven to derive meaning from their visions. Long-range thinkers. Have very high standards for their performance, and the performance of others. Natural leaders, but will follow if they trust existing leaders.

INTP - The Thinker

Logical, original, creative thinkers. Can become very excited about theories and ideas. Exceptionally capable and driven to turn theories into clear understandings. Highly value knowledge, competence and logic. Quiet and reserved, hard to get to know well. Individualistic, having no interest in leading or following others.

ESTP - The Doer

Friendly, adaptable, action-oriented. "Doers" who are focused on immediate results. Living in the here-and-now, they're risk-takers who live fast-paced lifestyles. Impatient with long explanations. Extremely loyal to their peers, but not usually respectful of laws and rules if they get in the way of getting things done. Great people skills.

ESTJ - The Guardian

Practical, traditional, and organized. Likely to be athletic. Not interested in theory or abstraction unless they see the practical application. Have clear visions of the way things should be. Loyal and hard-working. Like to be in charge. Exceptionally capable in organizing and running activities. "Good citizens" who value security and peaceful living.

ESFP - The Performer

People-oriented and fun-loving, they make things more fun for others by their enjoyment. Living for the moment, they love new experiences. They dislike theory and impersonal analysis. Interested in serving others. Likely to be the center of attention in social situations. Well-developed common sense and practical ability.

ESFJ - The Caregiver

Warm-hearted, popular, and conscientious. Tend to put the needs of others over their own needs. Feel strong sense of responsibility and duty. Value traditions and security. Interested in serving others. Need positive reinforcement to feel good about themselves. Well-developed sense of space and function.

ENFP - The Inspirer

Enthusiastic, idealistic, and creative. Able to do almost anything that interests them. Great people skills. Need to live life in accordance with their inner values. Excited by new ideas, but bored with details. Open-minded and flexible, with a broad range of interests and abilities.

ENFJ - The Giver

Popular and sensitive, with outstanding people skills. Externally focused, with real concern for how others think and feel. Usually dislike being alone. They see everything from the human angle, and dislike impersonal analysis. Very effective at managing people issues, and leading group discussions. Interested in serving others, and probably place the needs of others over their own needs.

ENTP - The Visionary

Creative, resourceful, and intellectually quick. Good at a broad range of things. Enjoy debating issues, and may be into "one-up-manship". They get very excited about new ideas and projects, but may neglect the more routine aspects of life. Generally outspoken and assertive. They enjoy people and are stimulating company. Excellent ability to understand concepts and apply logic to find solutions.

ENTJ - The Executive

Assertive and outspoken - they are driven to lead. Excellent ability to understand difficult organizational problems and create solid solutions. Intelligent and well-informed, they usually excel at public speaking. They value knowledge and competence, and usually have little patience with inefficiency or disorganization.

References:

1. Jung, C. G. (1971). Psychological types (Collected works of C. G. Jung, volume 6, Chapter X)
2. Briggs Myers, I. (1980, 1995) Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type

Bibliography:

http://www.personalitypage.com/high-level.html

http://www.humanmetrics.com/hr/you/personalitytype.aspx

http://www.16personalities.com/personality-types

Ethernet History

HISTORY OF ETHERNET

In 1973, Robert (Bob) Metcalfe was a recent Harvard Ph.D. graduate working at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). In the course of his work training US military personnel to use the world’s first operational packet switching network – known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) – he often traveled to Washington D.C.

While staying at a friend’s apartment in the nation’s capitol, the young engineer came across a book of conference proceedings from the 1970 American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS) conference. In the proceedings was a hidden gem – a paper written by Norman Abramson entitled “The Aloha System – Another Alternative for Computer Communications.” It described the development of an innovative radio-based network of computers that came to be known as ALOHAnet. And although he disagreed with some aspects of the technology model, the paper quickly caught Metcalfe’s attention.

Inspired by the ALOHAnet paper, upon his return to PARC and with the help of David R. Boggs, he began putting his thoughts to paper. Using an IBM Selectric Typewriter with an Orator ball, Metcalfe typed a memo and sketched a quick schematic that would forever change both networking and the world at large. And so on May 22, 1973 Ethernet was born. After months of effort built on Metcalfe’s ideas and Boggs’ help in designing and debugging the necessary network hardware, the first working Ethernet prototype, a 2.94 Mbps CSMA/CD system connecting more than 100 workstations on a 1 Km cable, went live on November 11, 1973. Based on its demonstrated success, Xerox would go on to patent Ethernet in 1975.

In 1979, Metcalfe left PARC to found a new company called 3Com, and successfully convinced Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to cooperatively promote Ethernet as a standard. The following year, the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) formed a committee to develop local area networking standards: the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standard Committee. Led by Maris Graube, the committee began defining and specifying the physical and lower software layers for wired Ethernet, and on June 23, 1983 IEEE 802.3 was approved as a standard. Through the work of IEEE-SA working groups and committees, Ethernet continued to evolve, eventually growing to encompass higher bandwidth speeds, a diverse array of physical media, and new variants like 10GBASE-T.

In August 2012, IEEE joined other leading global organizations, including the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Society and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), to announce its support of OpenStand,  a jointly developed set of principles establishing a modern paradigm for global, open standards. Under OpenStand, the economics of global markets in conjunction with technology innovation help facilitate continued worldwide open standards development and deployment, including standards for the next generation of Ethernet speeds of 100G, 400G, and beyond.

Advantages: 

1) Information on almost every subject imaginable. 
2) Powerful search engines 
3) Ability to do research from your home versus research libraries. 
4) Information at various levels of study. Everything from scholarly articles to ones directed at children. 
5) Message boards where people can discuss ideas on any topic. Ability to get wide range of opinions. People can find others that have a similar interest in whatever they are interested in. 
6) The internet provides the ability of emails. Free mail service to anyone in the country. 
7) Platform for products like SKYPE, which allow for holding a video conference with anyone in the world who also has access. 
8) Friendships and love connections have been made over the internet by people involved in love/passion over similar interests. 
9) Things such as Yahoo Answers and other sites where kids can have readily available help for homework. 
10) News, of all kinds is available almost instantaneously. Commentary, on that news, from every conceivable viewpoint is also available. 

Disadvantages: 

1) There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and much of it is garbage. 
2) There are predators that hang out on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in dangerous situations. 
3) Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with their interactions of friends and loved ones. 
4) Pornography that can get in the hands of young children too easily. 
5) Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing, and then realize far more time has passed than you realized. Internet and television together of added to the more sedentary lifestyles of people which further exacerbates the obesity problem. 
6) Internet has a lot of "cheater" sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their own far more easily than they used to be able to do. 
7) There are a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to take advantage of people. 
8) Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable data. 
9) Hackers can use the internet for identity theft. 
10) It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just how uneducated so many people have become in today's society.

Getting to Know the Ethernet Protocol, Present and Future

Antony

26 Feb 2014 14:33:14

How many different “Nets” are there? Although there are many different ways in which business networks connect to the Internet and with each other, the most popular for this day and age remains the Ethernet. An Ethernet protocol offers high-speed access at varying rates and is excellent for high-data transmissions through a network. Let’s examine the different types of Ethernet connections a provider typically offers as well as what the future holds.

What is the Ethernet Protocol?

The Ethernet protocol has existed in one form or another since the 1970s, although it was more recently that it became the common method that businesses and home customers alike used to connect to one another. When the term “Ethernet” is used, it can refer to one of several different protocols, each with their own different speed. The standard Ethernet, which is most commonly requested by home users and owners of very small businesses, transfers data at 10 Mbps (millions of bits per second). Most businesses use the fast Ethernet, which transfers data at 100 Mbps and can thus handle more file transfers and larger data storage. Very large businesses might look into the gigabit Ethernet, which transfers at 1,000 Mbps. These speeds represent a maximum limit – at times, transfers might be slower than that.

Ethernet and the OSI Model

Most network connections are defined using the OSI model, which stands for Open Systems Interconnection. There are seven layers in this model, but an Ethernet connection mainly interacts with only two: the data link layer and the physical layer. The physical aspect of the Ethernet revolves around a network card and a connecting cable, although it is also possible to set up a wireless network using some additional software. When it comes to the data link layer, the Ethernet splits the layer into two parts. The logical link control, or LLC, allows several network protocols to remain active at once. The media access control, or MAC, allows multiple terminals to connect to the network at the same time.

Which Ethernet is Right for You?

If you have a business of any sort, you should probably shoot for a gigabit Ethernet connection if at all possible. As the size of data continues to grow, this is the best option to make sure that you won’t have to constantly upgrade your network in order to handle large file transfers, remote gateways, and cloud computing protocols. If you’re looking to save some money and have a small business with only a handful of employees or network access points, you might be able to function using the vanilla fast Ethernet, although you may find yourself needing to upgrade sometime in the near future. For businesses, a standard 10 Mbps Ethernet is only appropriate if you have one or two full time employees.

A Look into the Future

As technology continues to develop, the Ethernet protocol looks to be here to stay. The technology is extremely flexible and eminently buildable, meaning that even as one type of Ethernet services starts to lose efficacy another faster variation can be brought on board. For example, as the gigabit model becomes more common, developers have already begun to institute even faster alternatives that can handle 10 Gbps or 40 Gbps at a time. The newest Ethernet protocol on the horizon is the 1,000 Gbps model, which will likely meet all the requirements of businesses both small and large for a long time to come. 

Keeping an Eye on Tomorrow

If you are planning to implement a new Ethernet connection in your office, the best bet would probably be to go for a gigabyte Ethernet model for now and to keep an eye on emerging technologies that can allow you to speed up your network even further. You will want to make sure you map out your structure and keep clear records of all hardware you need. If you have a good layout now, you will be in a better position to upgrade in the future. Most businesses benefit from at least one wireless router as well, since this can help people who bring their mobile devices into the office so they can function as work machines.

If you plan to use a network of any sort, odds are that you will need to be familiar with Ethernet protocols. Keep this in mind when looking into new technologies and when hiring members of your IT team. The more knowledge you have about the technology in the present, the better you will be able to adapt in the future.

Bibliography:

http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~ross/Ethernet/history.html

http://standards.ieee.org/events/ethernet/history.html

https://www.informit.com/library/content.aspx?b=CCIE_Practical_Studies_I&seqNum=32